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                <text>'This essay is a kind of call to action to experts from different disciplines, and to techies and non-techies alike, to find different ways of thinking about data-driven technologies and how they change the way we live. It is a call to approach them with both enthusiasm and caution, to recognise them as both efficiency and madness and to see them as an integral part of broader politics, power dynamics and worldviews.' Efficiency and Madness&#13;
&#13;
Commissioned and published by the Heinrich Böll Foundation and written by Tactical Tech co-founders Stephanie Hankey and Marek Tuszynski, this essay explores the concept of 'technofixes' - using digital technologies and data to solve the world’s biggest problems.&#13;
&#13;
Starting with a broad conceptual analysis of the field as it stands, the essay then takes a more detailed look at data-driven technologies and how they are being used to solve problems. To conclude, it makes a case for why we cannot leave the challenges posed by data-driven technologies to technologists.</text>
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                <text>Team&#13;
&#13;
Strategic direction : Stephanie Hankey&#13;
&#13;
Project direction : Christy Lange&#13;
&#13;
Project lead Data and Activism : Amber Mcintyre&#13;
&#13;
Project lead Data and Politics : Varoon Bashyakarla &amp; Gary Wright&#13;
&#13;
Team: Varoon Bashyakarla, Amber Mcintyre, Gary Wright&#13;
&#13;
Web design: Yiorgos Bagakis, Maria Kassab&#13;
&#13;
Web developing: Jacopo Anderlini, Laurent Delleré&#13;
&#13;
Tech support: Danja Vasiliev&#13;
&#13;
Illustrations for Data and Activism &amp; Data and Politics: Maria Kassab&#13;
&#13;
Illustrations for Data and You: Gabi Garland&#13;
&#13;
Contributors: Emily Deans, Cade Diehm, Andrea Figari, Maya Indira Ganesh, Jan Griffiths, Semanur Karaman, Caroline Kent, Kei Kreutler, Rose Regina Lawrence, Matthias Monroy, Leil-Zahra Mortada, Paz Pena, Raquel Renno, Allan Stanley&#13;
&#13;
Financial team and grant management: Ngan Nguyen, Daniela O'Halloran&#13;
&#13;
Special thanks to everyone at Tactical Tech and all our friends, partners, and fellow organisations who have shared their work and expertise. Further thanks are due to the network of activists and human rights defenders who trusted us with their experiences and for providing feedback.&#13;
&#13;
Our research was carried out at an international level by the Data and Politics team at Tactical Tech and at a national level in collaboration with our partners: Articulo 12 (Mexico), Boo Su-Lyn (Malaysia), Coding Rights (Brazil), Claudio Agosti and Fabio Chiusi (Italy), Colin J. Bennett and Robin M. Bayley (Canada), Elonnai Hickok (India), Eticas Foundation (Catalonia), Fundación Datos Protegidos (Chile), Grace Mutung’u (Kenya), Jeff Chester and Kathryn Montgomery (United States), José Luis Peñarredonda (Colombia), Judith Duportail (France) and Marianela Milanes (Argentina).</text>
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                <text>The Data and Politics team at Tactical Tech has spent twelve months investigating these technologies: who is selling them, what they promise and how exactly they extract value from personal data. The team has attended events, interviewed practitioners and worked with partners spanning multiple countries to piece together a puzzle of the workings of the industry and the mechanisms they use.</text>
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                <text>The Influence Industry: The Global Business of Using Your Data in Elections</text>
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                <text>Practices: How data is used to influence you politically&#13;
&#13;
Exploring more than ten primary methods related to the use of political data and digital influence in campaigns, we examine how they work and look at examples of how they are being applied within political campaigns around the world. Specifically, we look at:&#13;
&#13;
    Data as a Political Asset: this section focuses on the valuable troves of existing data on potential voters, and how they are exchanged between political candidates, acquired from national repositories or sold or exposed to those who want to leverage them.&#13;
&#13;
    Data as Political Intelligence: this section focuses on how data is accumulated and interpreted by political campaigns to learn about voters' political preferences and to inform campaign strategies and priorities, including creating voter profiles and testing campaign messaging.&#13;
&#13;
    Data as Political Influence: this section examines how data is analysed and used to target and reach potential voters, with the aim of influencing or manipulating their views or votes.&#13;
&#13;
Actors: Who is selling data-driven political influence and how do they operate?&#13;
&#13;
Investigating the key digital and political consultants, tech companies and platforms buying, selling and using data in political campaigns. We study the broader ecosystem of the political data trade. We map over 50 actors, looking closely at a number of the largest players. These are divided into:&#13;
&#13;
    Digital consultants and strategists who work across multiple elections and borders. This includes a host of companies working across the political spectrum, with Cambridge Analytica being just one of them.&#13;
&#13;
    Start-ups, data brokers and tech companies that specialise in bespoke and off-the-shelf tools and services for gathering, analysing and utilising data in political campaigns. These range from small companies making voter apps for European political parties to some of the now-standard political-tracking technology companies operating worldwide.&#13;
&#13;
    Technology platforms that sell digital advertising and services for using data in political campaigns. This includes a suite of political influencing tools created by Facebook, as well as some of the less explored, advertising-based big technology companies, such as Google.&#13;
&#13;
Contexts: How is data-driven political campaigning used in different elections around the world?&#13;
Working with a cross-disciplinary team of academics, journalists, lawyers, technologists and privacy activists, we have investigated how data and digital influence is used in political campaigns in more than 12 different countries. Each of these country studies is carried out in collaboration with local partners who have a first-hand understanding of the cultural, socio-political and historical context of each country and a long-term interest in technology and the data industry. The studies include Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, France, India, Italy, Kenya, UK and the US, among others. </text>
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                <text>https://tacticaltech.org/projects/data-politics/&#13;
&#13;
https://ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/projects/data-and-politics/</text>
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            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="1240">
                <text>English</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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        </elementContainer>
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